Comprehensive Policy Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comprehensive Policy - Research Paper Example According to 1848 Supreme court ruling, some of the cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by this amendment include beheading, drawing, and burning alive among others. Despite the fact that most of these forms of punishment are no longer being practiced, the scope of protection of the inmates against inhuman treatment remains unchanged. Consequently, any punishment that violates the dignity of an inmate is prohibited by the constitution. Additionally, the pretrial detainees who are unable to afford bail have a constitutional right to be housed facilities that are humane and can not be treated or punished as guilty persons while they are still awaiting trials. On the other hand, the equal protection clause found in the 14th amendment of the constitution has also been used in numerous occasions to defend the rights of inmates. The clause particularly protects inmates against any form of unequal treatment on the basis of creed, race, and sex. This policy paper provided a comprehensive overview of the rights of inmates and the policy recommendations that can be used by correctional officers during the decision making processes in correctional facilities. The basic rights of inmates Despite their imprisonment or confinement, inmates often retain some rights. On of the basic rights of prisoners afforded by the constitution is the right to access fair court representation. Prisoners also retain their fundamental right of bodily integrity; therefore, Correctional officers must always ensure that inmates are not assaulted. For example, in 1962 a court ruling on the case of Robin v. California extended the provisions of the eighth amendment regarding the protection of inmates against cruel and unusual punishment to states (Rudovsky & Bronstein, 2008). Additionally, according to the current constitutional provisions, the only civil rights that inmates may lose are those that are taken away by the necessary implication or expressly by a constitutional act. Apart from pro tection against cruel and unusual punishment provided by the eighth amendment, federal laws also accord inmates a number of freedoms, such as the freedom of religion, speech and the right to equal protection under the federal and state laws with no regard to any discriminatory factors (Smith, 2000). Both the federal and state correctional facilities are only allowed to limit any of the basic rights of the prisoners if it is confirmed necessary for security of the correctional facility, crime prevention, and security as well as to protect the security of the inmate or others. Any limitation of the basic rights of inmates should be proportionate to the objectives that the correctional officers are seeking to achieve. Although the courts often rule in favor of correctional facilities and prison establishments involved in curtailing the civil rights of inmates, such rulings are generally intended to help in the maintenance of order and inmates retain their right to low but basic standar ds of living; they have a legal right to complain if they feel that their rights are being violated. In the Procunier v. Martinez (1974), a number of prisoners challenged the censorship of mails directed to inmates. The court ruled that any restriction on the freedom of speech of inmates should

International Business - the Porters diamond Assignment

International Business - the Porters diamond - Assignment Example The strategic conditions, demand conditions, strategic structure and competition, supporting industries of both countries needed to be weighed to enter into a new market. Some propositions in Diamond are double edged. For instance when competition is taken into consideration, the firm thrives and will be competent when it wins over the competitors in the rivalry. But the looser is also was in the same environment and the rivalry did not help the company as it does to the winning company. This tells us that the utilisation and reinforcing of the forces and circumstances mentioned in the diamond is the crux of the situation concerned. So the firm has to decide what type of rivalry it can face and win over it. When coming to supporting industries, the presence of them really make company competitive and reduction of expenditure on transportation can be made possible. But this is the common advantage for all identical industries in that area or zone. Another point of concern is that Port er's views are for developed economies and firms only. (Because he did not mention about the areas having no sophisticated customers and about MNC s dealing with different atmospheres or environments of Industry.) When the firm is facing a different type of market (also containing sophisticated customers) it should have a strategy to cope up with the different type of marketing environment. Strengths and Weaknesses of Porter's Diamond The Porter's Diamond consists of conditions which demand competence, conditions which drive the management to move forward, supporting and related industries and structure, planning and competition. In case of factor conditions consists of labour, land, natural resources, capital and infrastructure. Here the argument of Porter is that the conditions must be created according to the need of the company. The labour must be transformed into skilled labour. The capital must be substantial and in the case of natural resources the firm must have access to the fore most quality resources. If the firm is not successful reforming labour into skilled one, did not utilise the capital properly or did not garner it from the public in a time bound manner, then the strength of the factor conditions turns into weakness. The company's strength lies in making the general factors specialised. This involves investing more money and managing it well. So here the strength of the factor conditions lies in managing capital, labour and natural resources in a productive way. When there is any labour shortage, the company should manage to work with less labour and more technology. Here technological advancement which needs more capital comes to the fore. The managing of technology needs some good technicians and managers, though less in number to make it strength. If not it turns to be a weakness. When considering about lack of land and resources, the industry of Japan is making utmost use of technology to overcome the crisis of lack of natural resources. Here the weakness is transformed into strength. On the other hand in the present the US based firm has existence in the area of having more resources and is moving to the area of substantial resources. So it should have a strategy to make use of them to enhance productivity. When it decides not to move out of US it can think of exporting its goods to that country. But

Gender Comparison of Sporting Athletes

Gender Comparison of Sporting Athletes Viraj Tamakuwala Emily McCullogh Awarding of unequal prize money to female athletes in sporting competitions compared to males A majorly debated topic in the sporting world is the unequal compensation of female athletes. The first and most given reasoning for the unfair compensation of female athletes to males is that their performance isnt at par with the males. That reasoning is often expanded to bring in the belief that sports are associated with masculinity and that men have been the ones to play sports since the old ages. Which leads to the debate of the athletes body remaining feminine while participating in sports and events. Another argument that the women sports dont generate enough revenues and interests. This essay will expand and provide studies and articles that support the claims and then provide solutions now in place to remove or minimize the gap as well as criticisms of the claims. The difference in performance of women athletes is debatable but there are researches that suggest, that there is a gap. A study done by Thibault, et al.(2010) on the performance levels of athletes from 1983 till 2010 suggests that women present lower record values than men and that it is influenced by the sex of the individual. The study further states that womens performances will remain inferior to mens till the both reach their physiological maximums. In addition, the study goes to use formulas to show and express the differences and the gap of the performances, it just concludes that its impossible for women to catch up to men as the gender gaps in sport performance has been stable and remain that way for the foreseeable future (Thibault, et al., 2010). Government of Ontario recognizes the sport performance gap, in its Game ON The Governments sport plan which states that the sport participation of women drops dramatically by age and the closing of the gap is the top priority of the plan. It recognizes that the gap is not only due to interest and abilities but rather social, economic, and cultural barriers (Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, 2016). That statement would make the possibility that potential female athletes are unable to participate in sports at that level of competition and in response hides the females that would be able to close or shorten the gender performance gap. This relates directly to the points made by Dr. Hernan Humana, in Kine1000 lectures on February 6 and 8 , 2016 where he argued of that the performance, structure and culture of gender causes socialization which directly affects the point of view of the males towards the females and their roles in sports and society, and giving the example of the girls soccer team having a pink uniform. The roles of females in sports and society is the main controlling factor for the unequal compensation. Women tend to be socially constructed to be weak or lazy as they dont tend to engage in physical activity, but then the females who are athletes are stuck between two worlds, the sports world which requires a strong and healthy body and the social world which requires them to have femininity to be accepted in society (Krane, Choi, Baird, Aimar, Kauer, 2004). The study on the topic states that they are living in a paradox of dual identity between the two world where the emphasis is keeping the hegemonic view of femininity while having the body or muscularity needed for the sport, many times this paradox is said to be causing an increased negative behaviours such as poor body image, eating disorders or stress and in some cases causing the athlete to quit the sport (Krane, Choi, Baird, Aimar, Kauer, 2004). This is no only limited to the field or sporting grounds but to the homes and society that they live in, It is made extremely clear that these female athletes mostly when professional are treated differently and their success comes at the price of their image as the book talks about personal experiences of these females as some them are lesbians (Lenskyj, 2003). While this bring on the discrimination based on sexuality, which is also being fought against by the government as it is stated that athletes from sexual minorities are very unlikely to participate in sports (Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, 2016). Furthermore, to support the female athletes as well women engaged as coaches and officials, Sport Canada has put of policies and plans to work towards an Equitable and Quality sport environment (Sports Canada, 2015). They are doing this by providing training and opportunities to both coaches and athletes to perform and present themselves at higher competitions than available before, for example government funding is only provided to sport organizati ons which state their commitment to women in sports (Sports Canada, 2015). The most logical argument for the unfair pay of female athletes is that they dont provide enough revenue and interest as compared to men. The cause is media, as women athletes have not been covered I may sports or events, most of the time we wouldnt even know that there was a female competitor for the competition or even a team for the sport as it would be covered in minimal amounts if any coverage at all (Messner, Duncan, Cooky, 2003). The media coverage is having a gradual increase in the coverage while seeing an relative increased effort to increase audience and heavy promoting of mens sports, furthermore the commentary is also male dominant to reinforce that sports with masculinity (Messner, Duncan, Cooky, 2003). This relates back the guest lecture by Paul Jones where he answered that media shows us what we want to see as they will cover it while telling us what we should be interested in, and that it works both ways as its more of a cycle which is hard to break (October 24, 20 16). It is found that men who watch sports are more to invested to it and engaged in it as its a way for them to unwind and become involved in the drama and excitement of the game or sport (Gantz Wenner, 1991). Meanwhile the females are likely to be found watching sports due to companionship from their male friends, family or counterparts, in addition it was found that the more it was covered the more both men and women watched it more (Gantz Wenner, 1991). That proves Paul Jones point which states that media covers what we want to see and the more they cover it the more people watch and that its a total cycle which works negatively for the female athletes. The solution for this is simple and it is that viewers should go to or start become interested in female sports and events, if there are viewers who are interested then media will cover it and then cycle shall start for the females and then revenue and interest both would increase. In conclusion, the unequal compensation of female athletes in sporting competitions is a critical and important problem and that government and organizations fully support the advancement of women in the sports industry. The largest barrier is the media, which is also the best method to get them equal and fair pay either through creating larger interest through covering female sports and events which in return will to reward them in the future or follow the interest of the crowd which could be changing as even the smaller coverages of the female sports is creating interest and awareness that they exist. The government has a large role in this fight towards equity and equality it is showing effect slowly but effectively. The day when the compensation will equal as well as the gap between the genders declining as opportunity is given. References Gantz, W., Wenner, L. A. (1991). Men, women, and sports: Audience experiences and effects. Journal of Brodcasting Electronic Media, 35(2), 233-243. doi:10.1080/08838159109364120 Krane, V., Choi, P. Y., Baird, S. M., Aimar, C. M., Kauer, K. J. (2004). Living the Paradox: Female Athletes Negotiate Femininity and Muscularity. Sex Roles, 50(5), 315-329. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000018888.48437.4f Lenskyj, H. (2003). Out on the field : gender, sport and sexualities. Toronto, ON: Womens Press. Messner, M. A., Duncan, M. C., Cooky, C. (2003). Silence, Sports Bras, And Wrestling Porn. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 27(1), 38-51. doi:10.1177/0193732502239583 Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. (2016). Game ON The Ontario Governments Sport Plan. Ottawa, ON: Queens Printer for Ontario. Sports Canada. (2015). Actively Engaged: A Policy on Sport for Women and Girls. Retrieved from Government Of Canada: http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1414511367652/1414602693839 Thibault, V., Guillaume, M., Berthelot, G., Helou, N. E., Schaal, K., Quinquis, L., . . . Toussaint, J.-F. (2010). Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 9(2), 214-223.

Comparing the South Beach Diet and Food Pyramid Recommendations :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise Essays

Comparing the South Beach Diet and Food Pyramid Recommendations   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, new ideas for diet and weight loss, such as the South Beach low carbohydrate diet, have been replacing the previously chosen ideas, particularly, the Food Pyramid. Both eating patterns recommend consuming larger quantities of some food groups than others, although which groups varies between the diets. The former emphasis on diet and exercise is also beginning to shift with the new diet choices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In previous years to lose weight a person was told to eat â€Å"healthier†, lower caloric intake, and exercise more. Many of these advocates promoted the food pyramid. The food pyramid, completed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, recommends 6-11 servings from the â€Å"bread, cereal, rice, and pasta† group, 3-5 servings from the â€Å"vegetable† group, 2-4 servings from the â€Å"fruit† group, 2-3 servings from both the â€Å"milk, yogurt, and cheese† group and the â€Å"meat, poultry, fish, beans, eggs, and nuts group,† and â€Å"fats, oils, and sugars† are to be consumed â€Å"sparingly.† Serving sizes can be found on the label of most food products under the Nutrition Facts. Obviously, with the food pyramid, it is recommended that the group with the highest consumption per day should be from the bread, cereal, rice and pasta group, or the foods with the highest portion of carbohydrates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The South Beach diet does not recommend specific quantities of any one group. The diet consists of three phases. Phase one is the strictest phase with a very low intake of carbohydrates. Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta are completely excluded from the diet for two weeks. Instead, the initial two weeks consists mostly of eating meat, poultry, fish, eggs, cheese, and nuts. Phase two begins by reintroducing â€Å"good† carbs back into the diet. Good carbs include fruits and sparing consumption of whole wheat/grain bread and cereal. Phase two lasts until a person reaches their goal weight. Phase three is a maintenance phase in which a person takes everything they have learned and makes it a lifestyle change. Arthur Agatston, the cardiologist credited with the South Beach diet says that if you crave something in phase three you

Singapore’s Political, Economic, and Social

I will be conducting my research paper Singapore Political, Economic, and Social Organization. The method that I will use to gather my information will be ethnology. Ethnology is Comparative study of cultures with the aim of presenting analytical generalizations within the context of that society. Singapore is a postindustrial society that has a parliamentary republic with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government representing Constitution. Singapore officially gaining sovereignty in 1965, its politics has been dominated by the People’s Action Party (PAP). Singapore, under the leadership of the PAP, possesses a distinct political culture: authoritarian, pragmatic, rational and legalistic. PAP leadership consisted of English lawyers and Chinese pro-communist trade union leaders. Unlike the western country (United States) that is run by politicians, Singapore is not run by politicians, but by a social system that where power is gained through skills, performances, and loyalty to the nation and not by politician’s policies. Singapore as has supremacy of government-controlled companies not like their western country counterparts. The reason why PAP stayed in power is due to popular support won by economic growth. Singapore raised public awareness, and stimulates public interest and debate, in economic issues is a factor of economic growth. Economic performance of Singapore depends on its mode of economic organization, natural resources, climate, and history. Singapore witnessed the unexpected economic development of vast potential for tin, rubber, oil palm, and tobacco, for Singapore is one of the largest ports in the world. Singapore is a postindustrial society where the government has invested billions in infrastructure and aims to recruit the best researchers in all modern fields of technological endeavor (Nowak & Laird, 2010). This brought immigrate from the Philippines, Indonesia, and Southeast Asia to Singapore for work. By 2006, there were approximately 580,000 lower–skilled foreign workers and 90,000 skilled foreign workers in Singapore (Yeoh, 2007). In addition, 60 percent of Singapore's factory workers are Malaysian citizens, who cross the shared border daily (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Unlike the westerner country, Singapore required that workers must take a pregnancy test and STD test regularly. Again Singapore isn’t like their westerner counterparts when it comes to unemployment. Unemployed workers must return to their home country after a short period of job hunting.

Effects of Brand Association on Small Scale Traders Essay

Effects of Brand Association on Small-Scale Traders Introduction            What are the effects of brand association on the performance of small-scale traders? Brand, in this case, refers to the version of a product made by one particular manufacturer. Levitt (1983) affirms that positive brand associations are developed if the product which the brand depicts is durable, marketable and desirable. He further asserts that the customers must be persuaded through advertisements, that the brand possesses the features and attributes that will satisfy their needs. This will lead to customers having a positive impression about the product. Positive brand association helps an organization to gain goodwill, and obstructs the competitor’s entry into the market.            Hypothetically speaking, one would say that effort coupled with utmost discipline on the side of the small-scale traders would assure them total success. It makes so much sense when looked at on the surface. Truth be told, brand association is inevitable if the small-scale traders are to thrive. Though an idea that I am suggesting for the big question throbbing on every small-scale trader’s mind, it has not yet been proved to be correct. The bottom line is, brand association has an influence on the performance of small scale traders. This is because it provides consumers with a point of differentiation of the various types of products provided by the small-scale traders. Brand association is an important dimension of brand equity because, like human association, it is both differentiating and enduring. Consumer perceptions of price, quality and value are considered pivotal determinants of shaping behaviors and product choice (Bishop, 2004). Methods of recruitment            When looking at the methods to be used in recruiting people who would carry out the research, it would be prudent to seek the work of professionals. This would be because professionals are adequately equipped and have been in the practice for a while, hence would render the very best. This way value for the finances spent on the whole process is sure. A matter of great importance that cannot be ignored would be how the recruitment process should go down. This is in order to take in, not just professionals, but the best in the market. There are a number of viable and proven recruitment methods that will most assuredly give the best results, in terms of professional personality. Firstly, I would develop a job description making crystal the requirements necessary for the work at hand. Sending local e-mails would not be an option to ensure extensive coverage of the advertisement (Managing Agency workers, 2013). The e-mails would inform potential staff of the opening an d ask them to share the information with family and friends. More to that, posting on a website with a link to employee testimonies would go a long way in communication in regard to the recruitment. Finally, since advertising via television would be a bit costly, radio would be the perfect media of communication. This is because it would especially get to the people at the grass roots Levitt (1983).            In conclusion, measure is key in the whole process and must be put in check. Measure refers to the quantitative necessity in the whole research process. The study measure to be used will totally be dependent on the market size occupied by the small-scale traders (Meenaghan, 1995). Using large, medium, and small market sizes, having 2 hectares as the size of a small market, approximately 3 employees would comfortably cover the area. The question of relativity cannot be ignored to clearly and acceptably bring home the key question here, which is, ‘what study measure?’ With all that in place, the question of the effects of brand association on performance of small-scale traders would have been adequately and appropriately responded to. References Levitt, T. (1983). The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review, May/June, pp. 23-26. Meenaghan, T. (1995). The role of advertising in brand image development. Journal of Brand and Product Management, Vol. 4 Issue 4, pp. 23-24. Source document

Jems maturity Essays

Jems maturity Essays Jems maturity Paper Jems maturity Paper Jems maturity BY ollte1999 To kill a mockingbird. in To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem has significantly grown from a childish, playful boy that he was from the beginning of the novel, to a more calm, composed and mature figure resemblance to that of his father, Atticus. Harper Lee has incorporated the theme of Maturity into the novel through the development of Jem. Jem is shown in the beginning of the novel to be a boisterous child whose concept of bravery was through the acceptance of dares. Scout earlier on in the novel states Jem never declined a dare in his life. This depicts Jems immaturity through he has to do dares to seem brave to his peers furthermore his lack of knowledge about the current standings in which America are towards racial inequality or shown here and more so throughout the novel. Jem becomes more mature as the novel progresses. This is influenced by his father, Atticus Finchs, actions in the trial of Tom Robinson. A completely unfair Jury which ecides to convict Tom of raping a white woman, changes Jems view on life and how ridiculous it was that black people were discriminated against because of the colour of their skin. Another way of showing that he has matured is his actions towards Arthur (boo) Radley. Boo Radley is man who got into some mischief when he was a teenager and his father therefore sentenced him to a lifetime of imprisonment in his own home. Many rumors are spread about Arthur because no one has seen him for years. These rumors portray an image to Jem and Scout that he is a mysterious and eccentric who will kill you if you saw him. During the summer, Jem, Scout and Dill would dare each other to go and touch the Radley house or see who could get a glimpse of Arthur. However when they finally found out that he is a kind but simple human being Jem takes and step back to think about how all these rumors about Boo are wrong and how he has been discriminated against Just like the black people were.

All About Most

All About Most All About Most All About Most By Mark Nichol Most is a grammatically versatile word employed in references to amounts, quantities, and degree. This post discusses its use as various parts of speech. Most, deriving from Old English and related to more, serves as an adjective pertaining to extent (as in â€Å"The most support comes from the Midwest†) or the majority (â€Å"Most of his supporters are in the Midwest†). Note the distinction between general and specific discussion: Compare â€Å"Most households have more than one television† (general) with â€Å"Most of the city’s households have more than one television† (specific). As an adjective suffix, it applies to something that most completely or extensively displays a characteristic, appearing in such words as foremost and hindmost, meaning, respectively, â€Å"farthest forward† and â€Å"farthest behind.† As an adverb, most performs a similar function, except that it modifies adjectives. When it means â€Å"to the greatest degree,† it is preceded by the, as in â€Å"He found it to be the most rewarding job he had had to date.† When the meaning is â€Å"to a great degree,† the is omitted, as in â€Å"His current job is most rewarding.† It can also modify another adverb, as in the phrase â€Å"most certainly.† In addition, most is sometimes employed as a variant of almost to modify such words as all, anyone, anywhere, and always, as in â€Å"You will find that happens most everywhere,† but this usage is considered informal. Most is also a noun meaning â€Å"the greatest amount,† as in sentences such as â€Å"It’s the most I can do† and â€Å"You gave him the most of all,† and in the phrases â€Å"at most† and â€Å"at the most† (which are interchangeable), as in â€Å"It will take her two or three days at most.† As a pronoun, it means â€Å"the greatest number or part,† as in â€Å"Most would agree.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had80 Idioms with the Word TimeEducational vs. Educative

Geographical Abbreviation

Geographical Abbreviation Geographical Abbreviation Geographical Abbreviation By Mark Nichol This post outlines the use of abbreviation to refer to geographical locations and other references to location. Note that in general, such references should be spelled out; abbreviation is usually reserved for when space is limited. Some publications still use traditional abbreviations for states, such as Calif. and N.Y., but the trend is toward using postal symbols such as CA for abbreviation when necessary, as in bibliographies, lists, tables, and mailing addresses. When the older abbreviations are used, inclusion of periods for initials (as in N.Y.) is advised for consistency, but overall, the abbreviation style is not recommended. (However, when US is used as an adjective, no periods are necessary; the abbreviation should not be used at all as a noun.) Whether a state or country name following a city name is abbreviated or spelled out, the state or country name should be punctuated before and after with commas: â€Å"San Diego, CA, is the second-largest city in the state.† In a reference to a street address, precede the state abbreviation with a comma, but do not insert a second comma between the abbreviation and the ZIP code: â€Å"123 Main Street, Anytown, CA 54321.† (By the way, ZIP is an acronym standing for â€Å"Zone Improvement Plan.†) When a compass point is designated in a street address, follow a single-letter abbreviation with a period (as in â€Å"E. Main Street†), but do not punctuate a two-letter abbreviation or separate the street name from an abbreviation that follows (as in â€Å"First Street NW†). Compass points described in isolation are generally spelled out (for example, northwest), but in technical contexts, they may be abbreviated as they are in addresses. For locations with words such as fort, mount, and saint in the name, consult a geographical dictionary or an official printed or online resource about the location to determine whether to spell out or abbreviate the word. However, the Spanish equivalents of saint, San and Santa, are never abbreviated. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"Loan, Lend, Loaned, LentWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

Structural Stagnation Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Structural Stagnation Dilemma - Essay Example Economist deliberated on the new issue which carried much weight to the US economy and several hypotheses were put across. The economist named this strange phenomenon as the structural stagnation dilemma. The argument was that the problem that had recently hit the US economy were not just normal economic issue, but structural problems caused by globalization. Regardless of whether one approves the structural stagnation dilemma presented by various author, it is quite useful in generating ideas this problem. It illustrates how economic reasoning blends distinct economic concepts and ideas from both macroeconomics and microeconomics into a reasonable explanation for contemporary events. Secondly, the economic reasoning is supported by empirical testing of the ideas hence giving more reliable information. According to this argument, structural stagnation has both the short-term and the long-run causes. The short-run economic causes are intricately linked to consequences of the financial crisis. The long-run manifest itself in issues such as globalization, trade deficits, and exchange rates. These two are perfectly related in that one of the core problems of this financial problem was that the government was trying to avoid handling problems brought about by globalization. The structural stagnation can be explained from a number of economic fronts. For instance, US have experienced a couple of recessions before; however, the recovery has always been slower with each passing recession. The growth has also been slow and gradual. Intuitively, this pointed out to some possibility of other causes rather than just recession. Faced with this kind of problem with each passing year, the economist began to grapple that something must have been wrong with the economy. This was the hallmark of the structural stagnation theory which predicted a recovery characterized by slow growth

Competition Faced by Magiqads in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Competition Faced by Magiqads in the UK - Essay Example Transport- Railway & underground systems, airports, buses, taxis, and trucksides, etc form the core of transport medium. Due to its high street presence in areas where roadside marketing takes a back leap, it is one of the most popular outdoor advertising medium. A full service media house based in Kuala Lumpur, Magiqads uses 3D-floor imaging technology called 'Floorstoppers' (patented in London). Some of the esteemed companies with whom Magiqads has signed long term deals include Tesco's, Airports (Langkawi / Penang etc.), Universities, and the Kuala Lumpur monorail. Our partnerships include the University of Malaya (graphic design & creative skills) and 3M, who provide the laminate and training for our media installers. Brands who advertise with Magiqads in SE Asia include Sony Ericsson / Diageo / Coca-Cola / Adidas / Swatch and Unilever. The company is soon going to launch its services in the UK. But, the road of survival and success in UK would definitely not be an easy task. UK already has a number of well established firms in the field of outdoor advertising. There are number of big and small firms providing advertising services in the UK. ... To survive and compete in such a highly competitive market, Magiqads has to create a niche for itself by providing best and innovative services at a price that beats its competitors. The kind of fierce competition that Magiqads will have to face in the UK can be seen by this example- Technology Boosts Outdoor Ads As Competition Becomes Fiercer4 In 1994, when the billboard companies bid for the world's biggest outdoor advertising contract -- to hang up posters throughout the London subway system - all what was offered was to hang up posters. Recently, when the project came up again, it sparked a bidding war among the top providers of outdoor advertising space. The winner, CBS Corp., promised to install hundreds of television screens and projectors to beam advertisements on the walls. It spent years developing a way to stick up posters without glue (Aaron O. Patrick, 2006). This reflects the changing scenario and increasing competition in the outdoor advertising market in UK. Companies are trying to outdo their rivals by providing new, creative, and innovative techniques at a price better than others. In this kind of scene, if Magiqads have to survive and succeed, it will have to create a niche for itself by providing best and innovative services at a price that beats its competitors. Some of the leading outdoor advertising companies that will give a tough competition to Magiqads in UK are Clearchannel, JC Decaux and Titan, CBS. Clearchannel UK has established their brand and provide more than 70,000 advertising opportunities across 6 Sheets, billboards, premium formats and taxis5. JC Decaux- JC Decaux has an unbeatable presence in all major cities of UK including Manchester, London, Birmingham, and Glass

The personality of Adolf Hitler Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The personality of Adolf Hitler - Research Paper Example Adolf Hitler, one of the world’s most talented yet ferocious leaders was born in the town of Braunau-am-Inn in Austria on 20 April 1889. This town is located close to the border between Germany and Austria.Hitler’s father, Alois, used to check the goods crossing the border in the capacity of a customs officer. Ida and Gustav were two children born to Hitler’s mother, Klara and Alois before Hitler, but none of the two had managed to survive the infancy. Hitler was six years of age when he started to go to school. The family spent time in several villages in Linz towards the east of Braunau. Klara and Alois gave birth to Edmund. Edmund was Hitler’s younger brother who did not live after six years of age. Finally, Hitler’s younger sister Paula was born in 1896, who lived even longer than Hitler did. Adolf Hitler was very weak in studies. He had no interest whatsoever in studies and thus, maintained a very poor record in school. His tuition was not comp leted when he left the school to fulfill his desire of becoming an artist. When Hitler turned thirteen, Alois passed away. Klara was left with Hitler and Paula and had to take care of the two children on her own. As a teenager, Hitler neither studied nor worked. Instead, he cultivated interest in the fields of history and politics. Meanwhile, Hitler made an attempt to study in the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts and applied for it, but the application went atrophy. In 1908, Klara could not survive cancer and passed away. From the age of nineteen onwards, Hitler and Paula were left all alone. Although Hitler did have uncles and aunts from his mother’s and father’s families, yet they were not keen on supporting the children. Hitler resolved to travel to Vienna in 1909 with a view to earning money. For almost a year or perhaps more, Hitler had no food or shelter. He was homeless and had his meals in the charity soup-kitchens. He never continued a job for long. Instead, he wou ld do occasional menial jobs. He also persuaded people that would show the slightest interest in Hitler’s paintings into buying them. This was how Hitler spent his life from his mother’s death till 1913. The penniless vagabond, Adolf Hitler traveled to the southern part of Germany in 1913 and reached Munich. In 1914, when the World War I commenced, Hitler applied to join in the German Army. He was fortunate enough to be selected for the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. This was the turning point in the life of Adolf Hitler. He became a soldier from a penniless drifter. Hitler participated in the World War I from the side of Germany and fought very bravely. Owing to the display of immense courage and bravery in the war, Hitler was promoted to Corporal. He was also granted the awards of First Class and the Iron Cross Second Class. Hitler kept wearing the former throughout his life until the day of his death. An attack of British gas had blinded Hitler temporarily and he was hospitalized on the day, on which the armistice was announced in 1918. By the end of 1918, Hitler rejoined his regiment in Munich. In the four months from December 1918 till March of the following year, Hitler served in Traunstein at a camp of prisoner-of-war. After that, he moved back to Munich and saw that the local Communists had initiated a takeover bid. The Communists had snatched the authority before the army could expel them. Hitler was offered an opportunity to join a local army organization that aimed at convincing the returning soldiers to stay away from pacifism or communism. The training Hitler received in it and the duties that followed helped him improve his oratory skills. One of his duties was to spy on some political groups. At one gathering of the German Worker’s Party, Hitler became extremely angry to hear a speech and berated the speaker. Anion Drexler, who was that party’s founder was extremely overwhelmed with the overt expression of c ourage made by Hitler and thus, invited Hitler to

Critically discuss how language differences between home and host Essay

Critically discuss how language differences between home and host country can influence MNCs entry mode strategy - Essay Example However, these language barriers can have different effects on different entry modes. The extent of MNCs exposure to language barrier will therefore depend on their entry mode. Moreover, there are various literature examining the effect of formal institutions and informal institutions (mainly language) on entry mode choice. Although the effect of language on entry mode choice is relatively understudied, there exist studies that examine the impact of language on some of the entry modes separately. The rising level of globalization has become of immense importance currently. More and more firms commence to look to foreign lands to increase their businesses as the globe becomes more and more interwoven. To manage such operations across foreign boundaries has become of the biggest issues for international firms today (Egger, 2012). The international economy has formulated a business framework which needs firms to look past the traditional reasoning of the home market, and commence instead observing at businesses from a foreign global view. The technique a firm venture from their market to new foreign markets geographically is of immense importance for how best the firm attains its goals with their various businesses. Small and average sized companies, which have taken their choice to internationalize, need to grow into foreign markets face the setback of deciding on the best structural framework. There are numerous factors, which encourage firms to commence their operations in foreign markets (Feely, 2003). The most common include the hope for economies of scale, the experience curve effects outcome from an expanded level of outputs, and the reality of the existence of markets which are beneficial in the international markets which is not present at home. It can be believed that the developing in dissemination of information, progress in travel conditions, decrease in tariff issues and others have

The Body Shop and its Success Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Body Shop and its Success Principles - Essay Example Many of Roddick’s slogans are designed to foster a sense of honesty and integrity, such as her in-store environmentalism campaigns, discounted refill services for environmental protectionism, and her acknowledgment that The Body Shop products have no miracle cure reinforce dedication to ethical business practice. Concepts of caring and loving, more emotionally-driven attitudes in business concept and product variety, clearly indicate a target market of the female audience. This supersedes existing patriarchical business philosophy in the beauty industry in this female-driven business related to policy development, ad concept, and even product development. Understanding the feminine persona at the psychological level gives The Body Shop its competitive edge. The company devotes little cash to marketing and advertising, believing the concept and Roddick’s brash attitudes with the assistance of PR services is enough to satisfy profit objectives and gain visibility in their key market demographic segments; and sales success supports this as a worthwhile strategy. The ample volume of corporate social responsibility activities bring this business much more value publicly and coupled with a more horizontal hierarchy, The Body Shop has established a culture loyal and dedicated to bringing success to the business. The Body Shop believes that â€Å"true beauty comes from confidence, vitality and inner well-being† (thebodyshop.com, 2009, p.1). The use of imagery designed to build on women’s self-esteem was the founding philosophies that brought considerable growth for The Body Shop. However, franchising and global growth have changed the dynamics of the customer/service worker relationship and the family-friendly atmosphere that Roddick so treasured personally and brought her a considerable brand  following. This has too changed Roddick’s relationship with subordinates and franchisees from a mentor to that of a corporate-minded executive, something Roddick is unsatisfied with.  

THE ART OF ENGLISH Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

THE ART OF ENGLISH - Assignment Example By analysing individual works, the varying degrees of creativity and literariness can be observed. To begin, it is important to understand two distinct concepts: creativity and literariness. According to the textbook entitled â€Å"The Art of English: Literary Creativity,† creativity is defined as the skill level of the writer in areas such as â€Å"sounds, words, phrases, and overall linguistic form† (Goodman & O’Halloran, 2006). Literariness is a concept that relates to different kinds of literature such as those that are more traditional like poetry, short stories, and novels. However, literariness can also refer to other types of writing such as blogging, websites, pamphlets, and print media advertising(Goodman & O’Halloran, 2006). These two elements are very important in the process of analysis. According to the textbook entitled â€Å"The Art of English: Everyday Creativity,† in order to perform a complete textual analysis, a linguistic analys is, interactional analysis, and ethnographic analysis are needed (Maybin &Swann, 2006, p.429).Completing each analysis will reveal the elements that make up the degree of creativity within the piece. Linguistic analysis looks at the individual language elements such as metaphors, word usage, repetition, parallelism, etc., (Maybin &Swann, 2006, p.429). ... Each of these also helps a reader to take a more cognitive based approach to the text by looking at how it contributes to the bigger picture of human existence. The poem entitled â€Å"I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,† by Emily Dickinson, is a poem that fits within the literary world. Emily Dickinson, who was born in Massachusetts on the 10th of December 1830, is considered to be one of America’s greatest poets and produced over 1,700 poems throughout her life (Pettinger, 2006). On the surface, it appears to be a poem about a person witnessing their own funeral. Whether or not this is truly the situation is up to the reader. Emily Dickinson is an author whose work often inspires analysis due to the multitude of contextual meanings that may be applied to her work. This quality is known as polysemy (Goodman & O’Halloran, 2006, p.70). The critical analysis of the poem through the inherent clues of the poem’s linguistics may find evidence to support several of t hese theories. This particular poem has sparked multiple analyses. Some readers believe that the poem is about a person’s descent into madness. Others think that it is about writer’s block. Still others claim that the poem is simply about death as the basic context might imply. The fact of the matter is that it does not matter who is right in the end. The myriad of possible meanings speaks to this poem’s high degree of creativity. In terms of linguistics, Dickinson utilizes heavy deviation. Deviation is defined as being when words, phrases, and grammatical structures draw attention themselves (Goodman & O’Halloran, 2006, p.70).This can be seen in the poem by the capitalization of words that are not normally capitalized such as â€Å"Funeral, Brain, Mourners, Sense, Service, Drum, etc†

The Body Shop and its Success Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Body Shop and its Success Principles - Essay Example Many of Roddick’s slogans are designed to foster a sense of honesty and integrity, such as her in-store environmentalism campaigns, discounted refill services for environmental protectionism, and her acknowledgment that The Body Shop products have no miracle cure reinforce dedication to ethical business practice. Concepts of caring and loving, more emotionally-driven attitudes in business concept and product variety, clearly indicate a target market of the female audience. This supersedes existing patriarchical business philosophy in the beauty industry in this female-driven business related to policy development, ad concept, and even product development. Understanding the feminine persona at the psychological level gives The Body Shop its competitive edge. The company devotes little cash to marketing and advertising, believing the concept and Roddick’s brash attitudes with the assistance of PR services is enough to satisfy profit objectives and gain visibility in their key market demographic segments; and sales success supports this as a worthwhile strategy. The ample volume of corporate social responsibility activities bring this business much more value publicly and coupled with a more horizontal hierarchy, The Body Shop has established a culture loyal and dedicated to bringing success to the business. The Body Shop believes that â€Å"true beauty comes from confidence, vitality and inner well-being† (thebodyshop.com, 2009, p.1). The use of imagery designed to build on women’s self-esteem was the founding philosophies that brought considerable growth for The Body Shop. However, franchising and global growth have changed the dynamics of the customer/service worker relationship and the family-friendly atmosphere that Roddick so treasured personally and brought her a considerable brand  following. This has too changed Roddick’s relationship with subordinates and franchisees from a mentor to that of a corporate-minded executive, something Roddick is unsatisfied with.  

Chinese Modernist fiction Essay Example for Free

Chinese Modernist fiction Essay Chinese Modernist fiction is very complicated in terms of imagery and literary expression used by the author, as well as in terms of dual or multiple meanings of the works, but in general they express the mood of the epoch. Mu’s stories are to great extent experimental and vary between purely proletarian fiction and ‘dialect’ writings that express really deep thoughts through internal monologues and the use of dialogue as a tool of changing the characters’ self-perception or their impressions about their environment (MacDonald, 2004). Mu Shiying’s prose is often called â€Å"New Sensationist† (Xin ganjuepai) style of writing short stories whose plot often develops rapidly, whereas the picture the author has drawn at first remains unchengeable(MacDonald, 2004). â€Å"The name â€Å"New Sensationist† was derived from the Shinkankahu ha, a group of Japanese avant-garde writers from the 1920s and 1930s. However, the evidence is against the actual existence of a group of writers who called themselves â€Å"New Sensationist† in China† (MacDonald, 2004, p. 797). Nevertheless, Mu’s short story entitled â€Å"Five in a Nightclub† gives a number of sensational experiences, which this essay is designed to discuss. The first scene of the short story describes the intrinsic human need for material resources, the main drive of the business world: â€Å"Men with blood-shot eyes milled about the gold exchange. [†¦] The speculators devolved into brutes. The wind blew the reason from their minds and the steel from their nerves† (Shiying, 1992, p. 5), so that the first perception of Shanghai refers to the psychological tension between the people, who have suffered a lot from the adversities, brought about by life. The first episode represents the pace of Shanghai life: a person can lose their fortune or become rich in one moment, so the description of instability and nervousness refers to the lack of control over the situation, as if the participants were obedient marionettes in the hands of the powerful and malicious force. The second scene, depicting a young man, scornfully rejected by the girl he loves, also refers to the whims of fortune and more precisely –explains the sensation of hope; this feeling appears hovering or hanging over the place where Zheng Ping is waiting for his darling. The words he sent to the girl yesterday are, as he realizes, written to describe his today’s situation: â€Å"Stranger, O stranger! / Yesterday I was your slave. Today you say I’m a stranger†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shiying, 1992, p. 6). Importantly, there is a notable contrast between the first paragraphs, in which the author describes the character’s romantic thought, his illusionary closeness to the object of his strong feeling, and his disappointment and sorrow at the end, when â€Å"Zheng Ping’s hair turned white† (Shiying, 1992, p. 7). Fragments rapidly change one another. The short passage about a young woman, who has lost her beauty over the recent years, points to the perception of human body as machine that can be used: â€Å"Youth A – â€Å"Isn’t it Daisy Huang? She was the toast of the town five years ago! † Youth B – â€Å"Amen. She was quite a dish! †Ã¢â‚¬  (Shiying, 1992, p. 8). Accordingly, human beings do not belong completely to themselves, as they should always try hard to meet the requirements, imposed by society, especially those related to appearance and beauty. Ji Jie, the character, described in the next episode, is also lost in his self-identity and self-perception, so that he even fails to comprehend his real nature and the sense of his being in this world. Another character, battered cruelly by life, is Miao Zongdan, a clerk, who has been working hard for his career development and who receives a letter of dismissal. This episode is very similar to the first one, in which the sudden turning-point can ultimately change the individual’s life, destroy their desires, aspirations, ambitions – just like a high wave of tsunami that covers the person’s life. The first chapter of the short story therefore provides an overview of the psychological lives of certain dwellers of Shanghai, whereas the other people, surrounding them, remain indifferent, so that the average inhabitant of Shanghai is a ‘small person’, incapable of managing their fate. On the other hand, they should cope with their problems without any support from outside. The second chapter narrates about a typical Saturday night in Shanghai, or the bright underground life, heated by neon, alcohol and cigarettes: â€Å"Red streets, green streets, blue streets, purple streets†¦ City clad in strong colours! Dancing neon light – multi-coloured waves, scintillating waves, colourless waves – a sky filled with colour. The sky now had everything: wine, cigarettes, high-heels, clock-towers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shiying, 1992, p. 10). Human mores become increasingly more relaxed at this time, and people are about to do unusual things, as such conducts are not likely to happen in the daylight. In the third chapter, Shanghai is described in merely two colors: black and white, that symbolize purity and dust, but flow together into a single glamour of the night club. In addition, one can note a mixture of different cultures in nightclub settings: the club itself is designed in European style, as the idea of night amusements in such settings derives from this continent, whereas the customers are Chinese; and the dancers who entertain the visitors are â€Å"Russian princesses† (Shiying, 1992, p. 11). This pre-arranged chaos influences the characters almost magically: their dreams seem to come true. The idea of saving night resembles the fairy tale theme: at daytime, the characters remain ugly beasts, whereas at night they turn into young and attractive princes and princesses, who become rich and are as a result surrounded by their admirers. In this sense, night is remedy against all daily troubles, as they all are resolved or fixed very quickly and naturally, as if the natural force that throws the characters into the depth of adversity and misfortune calms down at night – this magic conversion can be compared to black and white colors, which seem to be the major imagery in this place: â€Å"By the white tablecloths sit men dressed in formal evening attire: layers of black and white: black hair, white faces, black eyes, white collars, black ties, white starched shirts, black jackets, white waistcoats, black pants†¦black and white†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shiying, 1992, p. 10). The author seems to recognize only extremes, rather than the â€Å"golden middle† that balances the positive and negative forces and protects human psyche from excessively strong feelings and emotions. The city, in turn, also experiences a kind of transformation: whereas at daytime it looks like a huge technocratic monster that has only concrete and asphalt inside and is inhabited by people, who hurt each other with their apathy and indifference; at night it alters into a real paradise, filled with the radiance of happiness, kindness and friendliness. Noticeably, the characters in the night club interact with one another very dynamically and seem united by this atmosphere of common joy and relaxation. Nevertheless, this illusion of amusement seems unrealistic after the events, which took place in the afternoon; in spite of the miraculous healing of all human hardships, it contains the after-pains, which give the idea of the possible return of all daily problems once this wonderful night comes to its logical end. The depiction of the common excitement only reinforces the reader’s expectation of the future negative events, which will take place in the following morning or afternoon and shatter this positive emotional atmosphere. As for the characters in the nightclub settings, they are described as fragments, successfully integrated in an entity, as all of them manifest their self-confidence in almost the same way. For instance, Daisy re-gains her youth and beauty, so that nobody recognizes her, except her companion, Junyi, a gold baron: â€Å"†I’ve never been more sane in my life! † said Daisy, who had regained her composure. Suddenly she laughed again: â€Å"I will always be young. Oh, Junyi, let’s make a real night of it! † Daisy pulled Hu Junyi out onto the dance floor† (Shiying, 1992, p. 12). Later, Zheng Ping enters the club, looking drunk and happy because this time he has another girlfriend and therefore seems protected from the negative remembrances, which can be caused by Nina’s presence. Similarly to Daisy’s case, Zheng experiences a very short loss of nerves, but finally retakes self-control and focuses on his new girlfriend. Although Miao’s problem is not solved yet, he also joins the party and soon becomes drunk and happy. Whereas at first, Daisy and Hu’s joy seems natural, later the company is gradually falling into absolutely inhuman and unexplainable ecstasy that can be caused only by the overuse of spirits: â€Å"Everyone laughed with her – open mouths, open mouths, open mouth†¦ gaping holes that with every passing moment seemed less human† ((Shiying, 1992, p. 14). The characters have already joined to the nightclub atmosphere, primarily – because all of them have come with partners, so that they are no loner lonely and miserable. Ji Jie, despite the demonstrative happiness of the other four persons, is slowly sinking in the marsh of his own thoughts, in his hard mental work. Nevertheless, he is no longer depressed, as his visit to the club will probably allows him to find his identity and understand himself better. Moreover, he is described by the customers as a happy person: â€Å"Customer D – â€Å"He who has nothing to do after dinner and who can come here to break matchsticks is a happy man†. Customer C – â€Å" Even the drunkard with him is happy! He’s the guy who spilled the drink after badging in here. A while ago he was picking fights, now he’s telling jokes! † (Shiying, 1992, p. 18). Towards the end of the night the delight of the five characters begins to disappear, and the sensation of this night never seems to come again, as the problems, experienced by the five persons at daytime, are becoming more real. The sixth character, Jonny, later gets to know that her wife and newborn son are dead, but he is not allowed to leave the work and must continue entertaining the visitors with his music. The five personalities, who seemed cheerful to craze in the evening, are now described as â€Å"popped balloons† (Shiying, 1992, p. 20). All the characters later reconcile themselves to the fact that they are losers in this life, only Hu Junyi kills himself. His death is a milestone, after which the other characters open their true faces and confess to their tiredness of living. The night was nothing more than an attempt to repair the shattered lives, whose pieces turned out so small that it was impossible to paste them together. To sum up, the new perception of Shanghai is presented as never-ending rolling down, a journey through the severe daily reality and exaggeratedly euphoric night parties, which, however, quicken human degradation. Whiteness and blackness are never to mix together in Shanghai, so that its dwellers are fated to swinging between the two extremes, which are pain and delight. Either sooner, or later, the life of this small person will be shattered by the large city, as the short story narrates. Works cited MacDonald, S. The Shanghai Foxtrot by: Introduction. Modernism/modernity, Vol. 11 (4): pp. 797-807 Shiying, Mu. Five in a Nightclub, Renditions Spring 1992, pp. 5-22.

Effective Social Work Approaches

Effective Social Work Approaches To practice without a theory is to sail an uncharted sea; theory without practice is not to set sail at all Susser 1968 cited in Lishman, 2005 pg 87. Therefore, this essay uses the task centred approach and the solution focused therapy to explain what is happening in the Banks family and how it affects Mark. It will predict Marks future behaviour and it will suggest a plan of actions for intervention in order to make a difference in Marks life. The problems identified in the banks family are; Marks bullying behaviours, both at school and at home, his failure to form relationships with his counterparts, and lack of progress in his education. The essay will discuss the similarities and differences in the identified theories. It will also investigate the advantages and disadvantages of each of the theories. At the same time, the essay will explain how the concept of the anti discriminatory practice can be employed to underpin the interventions whilst using the identified theories. Theoretically, Social work is influenced by the relationship between theory and practice from different perspectives in meeting the clients unique needs in a desired situation and at a particular period of time (Coulshed, 1988). Again, applying theory to practice involves different schools of thought whereas practitioner-client relationship maybe a difficult subject (Taylor and Devine, 1993). However the mandate here is to explain two major theories or approaches but highlights on a third is necessary. Firstly, Solution focused approach developed by Ericksons (1963) and De Shazer (1972) at the therapy centre in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The theory is regarded as a positive solution building approach focusing on the client. Clearly the aim is to explore the principles of anti-oppressive practice and involving the client in finding a solution to their problems. This approach does not focus on the past but what is happening in the present and future. It is focusing on two important issues, supporting clients to preferably explore their own future and taking into consideration when, where, with whom and how is it all happening to reach the desired outcomes in a shortest route. The features of solution based approach is to keep the client at the centre of their activity and encouraging them to bring about problems that need attention, furthermore, move from the problems to make slight changes in their behaviour and make some improvements. Nevertheless, it is assumed that clients feel part of their problems. The key concept of this approach is that focus is based upon the here and know with positive thinking and avoiding pre-judgmental. Above all solution based approach has no time limit as it tries to move from the centre to where clients can feel happier by reducing the problems step by step. In another of school of thought, task-centred approach has been considered as a structured way of working with clients in a time limit framework. The most important part of the task-centred approach is partnership and empowerment; this involves two or more people working with a common purpose. Moreover, this theory builds on clients strength and avoids talking about their faults by providing the necessary help they need. According to coulshed (1988), those trying to bring about models for ethnic-sensitive practice favour task-centred approach that promotes anti-oppressive practice (Doel and marsh, 1992). Task centred is unique in that it breaks down the problems into small manageable components, it involves the social worker and the service user identifying the main problem(s) and then working out how to reformulate them in to easily manageable tasks. After the tasks have been agreed the next step is to divided them between the social work and the service user and then decide who is going to work on which task and over what period of time. Using this approach the social worker and service user look very closely at the presenting problem(s) and reformulating them into a range of small practical tasks. The task centred approach fits together well with anti discriminatory practice because it encourages the social worker to do what they do best by bring their expertise into the relationship and work alongside the service user. Okitikpi et al, (2010) argues that the core aspects of the task centered approach that include working with partnership, collaboration, service users strengths, building on confidence, systematic and responsive communication are the same core elements that characterise ADP. Task-centred approach is seen to be effective with interpersonal concerns like those of mark. (Ramos and Tolson 2008 cited in Hepworth 2010 pg 379) Says that this theory is, incompatible with mandated clients who refuse help or are unable to identify changes that they wish to change. By direct contrast, the third approach, Attachment theory by Bowlby (1973) which grew out of rejection of some aspects of psychoanalysis and childhood raring with no separation could have been used but it is not relevant in this case study. Examining the influence of the task-centre approach and the solution-focused therapy, there are similarities and differences which have to be highlighted. Firstly, the case scenario of the Banks family clearly indicates that there need to be an intervention process by using the task-centred approach or solution-focused approach. Ride and Epstein (1972) hypothesised on the task-centred approach as effective and more durable. Time-limit on the approach shows that changes could occur rapidly as all participants are motivated (Maslow, 1943). This involves eight areas of concern among which Behavioural problems, reactive emotional distress and difficulty in role performance are selected target problem areas. However, there are steps to be taken in task-centred approach: The first step is problem exploration, Agreement; second step is, formulating an objective, achieving the task(s), and finally terminations stage. To start with there were behavioural problems identified in the case of Mar k, like yelling, fighting and disruptive. But as required the focus here is to move from what is wrong to what is needed to be done. Similar to the task centred approach is the solution focused approach; it is action oriented and uses a number of strategic questions to find out the solution to a series of problems that the client has. (Trepper et al 2006) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 356). When using TCA with minors like Mark, the tasks involved in this are that there is need to work with the parents and teachers in a collaborative and anti-oppressive way to solve the problems, discuss basic care needs interest in how to help Mark to do his work in class, and work on his tantrums and arguments, discuss with parents how to get Mark to interact with other children and make arrangements for Mark to visit his father in order to came him down. (Enos 2008) cited in Hepworth (2010. Pg. 357) argues that lack of mandated contact from a family member can cause fear, a sense of failure, concer ns about status and use the attitudinal weapons at their disposal may react with anger and a minimum refuse to cooperate. Marks parents need to reduce his inappropriate behaviour by developing skills to improve parent-child relationships for instance, listening and negotiating skills, teach Mark skills of approaching others, how to introduce himself, interact with others by engaging in conversations. In evaluating the two approaches in the scenario there are advantages and disadvantages. In the solution-focused therapy, Mark is the focus and his self esteem is promoted. The problem is the primary concern not the client. SFA offers a positive approach working with the service users. The emphasis of engaging the service user to talk about solutions not just problems is an empowering method. The commitment to service users empowerment, a focus on strengths and service users capacities towards improving their situations and reaching solutions is a significant contribution. In contrast, there is negative focus and there will be problem as poor communication skills will lead to poor practice by social workers. Some aspects of the SFA have been criticised for being directive in nature in particular the assessing of tasks and the emphasis on solutions. Research conducted by the family therapist using the approach revealed discrepancies between the clients experiences and the observations made by their therapists related to the outcomes, (Metcalf et al 1996) (Cited in Hepworth 2010 pg.406). Storm (1991) and Lipchik (1997) cited in Hepworth 2010 pg. 406) maintain as a result of their work the primary focus on adherence to solution was embarrassing to some clients. The positive trust of the approach prevents the service user from discussing their real problems and to avoid talking about their concerns. In the task-centred approach, the problem is the main concern not Mark. He is empowered, considering his self esteem and independence. The approach is short termed and time-limited. In contrast, there is lack of motivation in this approach, the underlying problem has not been addressed, there is tendency that social workers might force Mark through coaching as to complete tasks. Payne (1997) cited in Wilson et al (2008 pg371) suggests task centred approach may not be effective in situations where there are constant difficulties, where long-term psychological problems are the main issues or where users do not accept the right of the social worker or the agency to be involved. Reflecting in this case scenario it is seen that Ken comes from a dysfunctional family which made him spend most of his teenage life in the care of the local authority and this may have affected him psychologically and he may not want to cooperate with the social worker in order to make the approach effective. Doel and Marsh (1992) suggest the service users ability to think and reason is a key ingredient to the success of the approach. In those cases where social work is appropriate but where the reasoning is impaired such as people with considerable learning difficulties or great degree of confusion, task-centred work is often not possible in direct work with that person, (Doel and Marsh 1942 cited in Wilson et al 2008 pg 99). However in the case scenario all the family members are in sound mental state so the approach is suitable. A further disadvantage of task-centred is that where a wide range of problems is experienced, each of which interacts with other problems which threaten to over whelm the family the approach seems rather a weak response. It is argued that unless one is able to deal with problems on many fronts, the combination of these problems will continue to undermine the functioning of family members. For example if one family member has the capacity to reason, but when other members of the family are not prepared to engage in the same process and consistently undermine the efforts of the social worker and service user, the approach may not achieve much. In relation to the case scenario the approach will not be effective if Mark who has multiple problems refuses to cooperate. In conclusion effective social work practice is based on principles and the application of theories or approaches give to different explanations and lead to different practice (Howe, 1987). According to research in to service-users views of social work practice has highlighted that effective practice depends on the combination of good interpersonal skills and clear, organised practice. It is argued that when social work activities are clearly focused, problems clearly identified and specified goals set with service users, then studies produce positive results. This essay has looked at two approaches and how they can be used by a social worker to help engage the Banks family in order to get the necessary support to improve Marks behaviour problems.

Macbeth-gloomy Indeed :: essays research papers

Is the Shakespearean play â€Å"Macbeth† a gloomy play full of darkness and evil? Every way you look at this play it seems very dark and gloomy, whether from a historians point of view, an actors, a casual reader of plays, etc. Three of the main features that add to the dark and evil feel of this play are the atmospheric scenery, the homely and repugnant characters and the homicidal hot-headed back stabbing. The scenery depicted in this play is very gloomy indeed. This gloomy scenery would fit the time period in which this play roughly takes place in. Three very intricate parts of this play happen on a â€Å"moor†(Act1,sc1 & Act1,sc3 & Act4 sc1). In the first act, first scene the witches first meet on a barren , gloomy landscape (Moor). The second time they are on the moor where they begin their shit disturbing. The third time they give Macbeth some more information, about his dark demise. Weather adds to the â€Å"gloominess† of this play. The quote â€Å"Hover through the fog and filthy air† (Act1,sc1) really gives gloomy mental picture. Even the most de-sensitized person can understand how a violent storm is gloomy. This quote, â€Å"As whence the sun’gins ... shipwracking storms and direful thunders break.†(Act1,sc2), tells of one such storm during the battle in the beginning of the play. Storms, battles, that’ll make anyone a â€Å"gloomy Gus†. Lightning is a very gloomy sort of deal because with lightning there is rain and dark clouds and its scary. In this play there are a lot of scenes where lightning and thunder is the weather of choice by Shakespeare (Act1,sc1 & Act1, sc3 & Act3, sc5 & Act4,sc1). The lightning is always present when the witches are involved in a scene. â€Å"Macbeth† comes complete with rather gloomy looking roles like the witches. Banquo explains how horrid these witches look in this quote, â€Å"By each her choppy finger laying upon her skinny lips : you should be women, and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so.†(Act 1,sc3). Women with beards?...... gloomy indeed. And if women with beards weren’t gloomy enough there are old fat ladies in â€Å"Macbeth†. The quote â€Å"...the rump-fed ronyon cries†(Act1,sc3) which tells of a fat old lady. Also, back then no one bathed, and a mixture of fat old ladies (and men) who don’t bathe, would ruin even the most utopian of days. Besides looks, the mysterious power that the witches possess is considered dark.

Causes Of World War One :: World War I, WWI

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many things led up to the start of World War I. There was much tension between the countries of Europe for more than fifty years. There were immediate causes, and long-term causes. Some immediate causes were the assassination of the heir of Austria-Hungry, Germany declaring war on Russia, Germany declaring war on France, and Great Britain declaring war on Germany. Some long-term causes or basic causes were imperialism, nationalism, and the arms race. The assassination of Archduke Frances Ferdinand, who was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was probably the last step on the long road to war. A Serbian patriot murdered Ferdinand in Sarajevo, on June 28 1914. The murder angered Austria-Hungary, leading them to declare war on Serbia. At the same time, Russia gets ready to attack Austria-Hungary as it mobilizes it army at the border. In Europe, there were two powers. The Allied Power were England, France, Russia, and later the U.S. The Central Power was the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. When Kaiser William II of Germany became cocky and let the treaty between Germany and Russia became invalid, and then Williams declared war unto Russia. France then gets ready to fight Germany as they declare war on them by marching through neutral Belgium. As Germany declares war unto France and Russia, Great Britain declares war on Germany as they go through Belgium. Basic causes included imperialism. Imperialism is a country wanting to take over the world and be the most powerful. The need for raw materials and new markets Europe starts to take over land in Africa, China, India, and Middle East. The fight for obtaining the most land results in European countries fighting over who gets what land. Another factor was nationalism. Nationalism is the love for ones country and feeling your part of the country. It results in each country claiming that they are the best. The Arms Race is another contributing factor to the war. Due to conflicts over land, countries start to prepare for and build up their armies. In conclusion, World War I occurs because of many unresolved factors.

Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System Essay

1. Evaluate the implementation of Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System. What are the top 3 factors that lead to the projects failure? Who is most at fault? The DIA automated baggage-handling system had its uncertainties and risks like in any other project but the challenges faced were mainly due to the poor planning, 1st of its kind in terms of size of the project and underestimation of complexity of the whole project. There are many problems encountered by the project and the top 3 factors that lead to the project failure were: 1. Scope, time-schedule and budget commitments – Planning. The master plan for DIA was developed by the various experts in the respective fields but there was a fundamental strategic error as DIA had adopted the build-design project meaning building the airport while designing it. The airport’s Project Management team had assumed that individual airlines would make their own baggage handling arrangements. In 1991, the airport’s Project Management team changed their strategy and realized that if an integrated system was to be built, they needed to take responsibility back from the individual airlines and run the project themselves. This change in strategy came a little more than two years prior to the airport’s planned opening date and the timing of the decision was in large part the trigger behind the excessive schedule pressure the project was exposed to. BAE and the airport Project Management team made another major mistake during the negotiations. Although the airlines were the key stakeholders in the system they were excluded from the discussions during the project defining and planning stage. When the stakeholders are finally engaged, they demand for significant changes on the project that required modifications as the project went along. 2. Leadership The project was oversold by political leaders who used the airport initiative as a platform to revive their economy. Pena won the election and committed by the public promise. There was a transfer of authority to from Pena to Wellington Webb as the new mayor, who followed the predecessor administration’s emphasis and also didn’t ensure the commitment of the major carriers. The City of Denver and a consultant team shared the leadership of the DIA project. It quickly became clear that shared leadership was doing duplicate duties and not efficient. The project was financed by many sources where all wanted to have a say, making it increasingly more difficult to coordinate and accommodate different administrative, political and social interests. On top of that, the management had no experience of building automated baggage systems, but it assumed the responsibilities any way without making necessary changes in the management team. The respective teams were working of silos and the leader failed to enforce structure for collaboration and feasibility of the overall project monitoring. One month after BAE was awarded the contract, the head of DIA project resigned. 3. Communication difficulties. The channels to communicate among the city, the project management team, the consultant, DAE and airlines were never well defined. Everyone had their own tracking systems for the activities and there were several copies of everything. They tried to merge them into one central database and it took 3 years to get it to work. BAE felt being restricted to access anywhere they wanted which was granted in the initial negotiation and other construction works were hindering BAE progress, there were no clear communication channel to raise their predicament. The large number of airport entities involved increased the complexity in effective communication and everyone had its unique requirements and timeline to meet. 2. As Gene Di Fonso, what would you have done differently to avoid the problems faced at the end of the case? If I am Gene Di Fonso, I would use the project life cycle as the foundation for managing this project. I will make sure that all the stages of Defining, Planning, Executing and Closing are thought through and discussed with the experts thoroughly. Especially, when comes to dealing with the hyped up City of Denver project which has government, social, economic influences and timeline to meet for DBO repayments. The product life cycle would have enforced a structure to think critically before accepting or negotiating the contract. Both the defining and the planning stage would have provided a good assessment whether to pursue such a complex with limited timeline even though the revenue and BAE image of doing such big project is overwhelming. The downside of project failure and inability to complete the project on time would be a blow to BAE image in the public eye. Before entering into the executing stage, both the defining and planning stage would ensure the contract entails the terms and conditions and also include all the limitations, all the technical requirements in the building infrastructure stated with the realistic timeline and the deliverables stated upfront. All major stakeholders have to be involved in the project defining stage for actual feedback and requirements to be clearly stated that no changes allowed after signing of contract and should be enfored Minimally, all these stages have to be followed through as a project manager. The more complex the project, more time needed to tackle uncertainties to complete the project and it is also necessary to form a highly skilled project management team in order to complete the project successfully. I feel that Di Fonso knowing the tight timeline with lots of external influences such as the political, economical and social factors, it would be a best decision to stay focused as initially planned and commitment with United Airlines unless all the contractual terms determined after going through the detailed defining and planning can be accepted by all the stakeholders. 3. How should Di Fonso respond to Mayor Webb’s decision to impose a $12,000 per day penalty and the requirement that BAE assume the $50 million cost of building a conventional tug-and-cart baggage system? I feel that it is not entirely BAE fault for the failure of the automated baggage system project. There were other external factors involved that worked against the whole project. So, Di Fonso is not entirely at fault and should fall back on his contract with the City and negotiate the legal terms. There were provisions and requirements, especially permanent power requirement, were made explicit and in addition unrestricted access for BAE equipment and priority in any areas to install the system due to tight timeline were agreed and accepted by the Denver officials. Definitely, the contract was not adhered to and Di Fonso has high chance to sue the City for the breach of contract.

Lady Macbeth Essay

Lady Macbeth: In the play â€Å"Macbeth† written by Shakespeare the character Lady Macbeth is duplicitous. â€Å"†¦look like th’innocent flower, But be the serpent under’t† (I, vi, 64-65). The snake and the flower was a reference towards Macbeth although it depicts Lady Macbeth as well. Since she is under the same curse as Macbeth, because she has the same name, she is equally affected by the witches as he is. He is captured into the prophecy of the witches and so is Lady Macbeth. She might look kind and loyal to the king but above that, she is masked with greed and ambition.Lady Macbeth’s duplicity is also shown through the black permitting from behind her body. This displays her real true self that is covered by the cracked, masked bewitched image on the top. This was created through the witch’s interpretation of fate. â€Å"†¦look into the seeds of time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I, iii, 56) Lady Macbeth is holding the bloody dagger to demo nstrate that it was because of her ambitious attitude â€Å"Leave all the rest to me† (I, v, 73) and confidence â€Å"We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we’ll not fail. † (I, vii, 59- 61) that was the reason to Duncan’s death.Lady Macbeth was the one with the plans and motives; Macbeth was only the man who executed what his wife had told him to do like a puppet. That is why Lady Macbeth is holding the murder weapon because she the one who is ultimately responsible for the King’s death. Lady Macbeth is holding a bloody crown to her head. This is to symbolise how she (Like Macbeth) are king and queen but have a worthless throne. The gold in the crown (riches and wealth that come with being king/queen) show that they may have had more riches/wealth if they were pronounced the heirs other than through murder.The blood wiping out the gold is to show how since they killed Duncan, they are now no longer given riches or promised the throne forever. All of this shows to us how impulsive Lady Macbeth is. â€Å"what cannot you and I perform upon th’unguarded Duncan? † (I, vii, 69-70). She didn’t think of the consequences or the results of her actions. Of how their sacrifice will be futile until they have a son to claim and secure their throne and line of kings. Lady Macbeth’s green clothing is to show her desire in getting to a higher position in the Great Chain of Being.First it is trying to become a man â€Å"Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I, v, 39-40). Her greed then is what took her above and beyond to killing the king and reaching his high and grand status. â€Å"†¦our hostess keeps her state†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (III, iv, 5). Lady Macbeth has a letter hanging from her body. This is to show how she is literate. â€Å" they met me in the day of success†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I, v, 1-13). During this era, women were thought to be lower than men and were not supposed to be educated. However, the first time Lady Macbeth was introduced was through her reading a letter.It also reveals to us that she is ahead of her time. She is quite distinctive compared to other typical women during that era. Another reason why she is ahead of her time is because she finds herself to be on par with her husband. It’s showing us a more dominant side to her where she’s elevated herself to his status. In addition to herself, Macbeth also finds her to be an equal to him. â€Å"This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness† (I, v, 9-10). Lady Macbeth is well-dressed in rich clothes to show that she is well-respected. An example of this is through King Duncan â€Å"See, see, our honour’d hostess. (I, vi, 11). She is thought to be worthy in every aspect and is therefore fit for clothes for a queen. Yet the clothes seem too big for her. Lady Macbeth is in a position of status that she does not f it to be in. Also, the reason why her clothes are too big for her is because she has belittled herself so much in the act of killing the King that any level of the Great Chain of Being would be too high in moral ground for her. (The size of clothes would all be too big for her). Her red hair is to symbolise how she is unappreciative and unaccepting towards her husband.She is always trying to change him â€Å"yet do I fear they nature, it is too full o’th’milk of human kindness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (I, v, 15-16) Lady Macbeth doesn’t see him as a man and is always pointing that out to him. She is bullying him around because she needs him to achieve her desires and goals in life. â€Å"Are you a man? † (III, iv, 58) Lady Macbeth has a very guilty conscious. It is symbolised through one of her eyes. It’s to show how Lady Macbeth feels it is alright to do any evil deed as long as it is veiled by the cover of darkness and she doesn’t need to see it hers elf. Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark to cry, ‘Hold, hold. ’ (I, v, 49-53) Another way to look at it is by saying that she feels it’s alright to commit a deed with her hands without letting her eyes (conscious) see it. This shows she has strong faith in fate and God because she doesn’t want to be held accountable for her actions. (Predestined) Lady Macbeth isn’t smiling because she is insecure. She is alarmed and nervous after killing the king.Even the slightest of sounds make her go abrupt. â€Å"Hark, peace! It was the owl that shriek’d†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (II, ii, 3) She isn’t at peace and she isn’t satisfied by her actions. Still in shock during and after the murder, Lady Macbeth is troubled and unable to remain contempt. Lady Macbeth has an unusual personality. She is two-faced, ambitious, confident, impul sive, greedy, literate, distinctive, dominant, well-respected, unappreciative, unaccepting, conscious, and insecure. She is a lady who has a rare combination of traits that together make up her villainous character.

Defects of Consent Essay

A defect of consent is a situation where a party’s declaration does not reflect his actual intent. This difference between declaration and intent may be caused by other parties,in order to make someone to form a contract with themselves. Fraud and Duress are this kind of defects. Roughly,fraud is deceiving someone by hiding certain facts or giving them a wrong impression/information in order to make them form a contract and duress is scaring or threatening someone to make them form a contract. If there is a difference between declaration and intent,which unintentionally resulted from the declarant,we can say there is an error. In some cases,both parties are mistaken about contract. Such defects are called â€Å"Collective Error†. In these situations,contract is formed by parties’ true intent,not according to their false statements. Error In the TCO article 30,the law states that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † Interpreting this article,we can deduce that essentiality is a key concept,since unessential errors will not affect validity of the contract. Some aspects of essential error are specified in TCO,but law does not limit cases of essential error with those articles. Unwritten states of essential error are determined by the rules of good faith. Error may occur in several ways: Error in declaration In the TCO article 31 the law sets forth: An error is deemed particularly essential in the following cases 1-Where a party intended to conclude a contract different from that to which he consented. A wants to sell 100 kilos of olive oil to B,but during the formation of the contract, A inadvertently states that he wants to buy 100 kilos of olive oil and B agrees the offer. -Where a party has concluded a contract relating to a subject matter other than the subject matter he intended. A wants to buy E branded good,but during the formation of the contract he states he wants to buy F branded good by mistake and is not aware of it. 3-Where a party declared his intent to conclude the contract other than the whom he intended to. A wants to send an offer via mail to B,but he writes a different adress and mail goes to C. C accepts the offer. 4-Where a party took a specific person into consideration as the other party in entering a contract but declared his intent to another. A is a nanny who wants to raise B’s child C,but during the formation of the contract she stated the name of B’s mentally deficient child D. A is mistaken about someone’s identity,not someone’s qualifications. Otherwise it would be error in motive,which shouldn’t be confused. 5- Where a party has promised to make a significantly greater performance or has accepted a promise of a significantly lesser consideration than he actually intended. Error in calculation of a simple nature do not affect the validity of the contract;but they should be corrected. A good should have 10. 000 dollars written on its label but accidently 1000 dollars is writtenon label. A buys the good for 1000 dollars. Error of Agents The law states in TCO article 33 that â€Å"Where an offer to enter into a contract has been incorrectly communicated by a Messenger,translator or other agents or by any means,the provisions governing error are applicable†. Error of agents are counted as error in declaration. Mistranslation,misinforming,changes in the text during telegraphing†¦ are examples of such errors. Error by Considering a Demeanour as Consent When a party’s action is considered as an offer or acceptance by another party,and the other party is right to consider this as such and forms the contract,contract will be valid. However mistaken party can put forward that he is mistaken and benefit from the provision of error in declaration. Texts signed without reading If a party signs a text without reading ,and is right to think that the text suits his intent,outcome is determined by the other party’s knowledge about this intent. If the other party knows or has to know that text does not suit signer’s intent,contract will not have been formed and thus there will not be any need for provisions of error. On the other hand,if the other party does not know or have to know the signer’s intent,contract will be formed,but signing party by proving that the error is essential,can benefit from provisions of error in declaration. Signature in Blank One of the parties agree to sign in blank first,then allow other party to constitute the contract. If this contract formed later on has contents which do not suit signing party’s actual intent,he can benefit from provisions of error. Error in Motive Error in motive is caused by an error in the formation of intent. On principle,error in motive is not essential. If there are conditions prescribed by the law,there is an essential error in motive. In TCO article 32,the law sets forth that â€Å"Error in motive is not deemed as essential unless the mistaken party deems the motive as necessary basis for the contract and it is valid regarding the business affairs in good faith. Yet this rule is not applicable unless the other party is aware of this motive† According to this article,error in motive is essential if the party deems this motive as necessary basis for the contact. This means the party is mistaken about a subject or qualifications of someone which affected his decision to form the contract. Error in material qualification,error in fact,error in legal status are examples of such mistakes. A wants to buy sculpor B’s statue but in fact the statue is a replica. In this situation there is error in material qualification. A thinks he is assigned to a job in another city,so he rents a house in that city. He made an error in fact. A purchases a land to build a house,but does not know construction is forbidden on this site. He is mistaken about land’s legal status. Also if other party is or has to be aware of the motive,error is deemed as essential. This should be determined in the present case. Avoidability In TCO art. 30 the law stipulates that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † However this is limited by TCO art. 39. The contract will be valid if the mistaken party does not abolish the contract in a year,beginning from the moment he realises his error. Good Faith Rules in Error Right to avoid is also limited by the law. The law states in TCO art. 34 that â€Å"A person may not advance error in a manner in violation of good faith. In particular, the contract is considered to be concluded in a way that the party acting in error intended, in case the other party declares his consent to be bound by that contract. † Violation of good faith mentioned in the first subsection may be like this: A person learns that he made an essential error about a contract which he concluded years ago. He wants to use his right to avoid just to damage other party. In that case he will not be able to benefit from provisions of error since it is a violation of good faith. Second subsection of this provision is particularly important. I wish to give a case in this point,in order to better explain it: A wants to buy a kilo of fruit for 2 Liras,but he is mistaken and accepts B’s offer to buy a kilo for 3 Liras. Then A states his mistake to B,B immediately says he is ready to sell it for 2 Liras. In this situation A cannot put forward that he wants to nullify the contract,since he made an essential error. The contract is formed. Error by Negligence According to TCO art. 35 â€Å"A party acting in error is liable for any loss arising from the nullity of the agreement where the error is attributable to his own negligence. However, there is no compensation if the other party knew or should have known of the error. In the interests of equity, the Court may, not exceeding the benefit of standart performance, award further damages to the injured party. † The first subsection is about responsibility of parties’ actions before the formation of the contract (culpa in contrahendo). Even a slightest negligence in error results in culpa in contrahendo,and in such situations damages will be compensated. According to the second sentence of this subsection,there will not be any compensations if the other party knew or should have known of the error. But this provision is not applicable to error of declaration,since if the other party knew or should have known the error in declaration,contract is formed according to the declarant’s real intent. Yet if a party knows or has to know other party made an error in motive,mistaken party will not have to compensate any damages even if he abolishes the contract. Amount of the damage that will be compensated,is the damage that would not exist if the contract would not be formed. This kind of damage is â€Å"negative damage†. Benefit of the standart performance is named as â€Å"positive damage†. According to the second subsection,judge may decide further damages. This â€Å"further damage† is compensation of positive damage. Amount of positive damage that must be compensated may be some of the positive damage or all of the positive damage,determined by equity,but cannot exceed positive damage.